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The PCA consists of a DC biased metal dipole antenna patterned on a photoconductive substrate. Here, an example of a femtosecond optical pulse with a pulse duration of < 1 ps is incident on a PCA. 1, 46, 47 The concept of generation of pulsed THz radiation from a PCA is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). Theory of Terahertz Photoconductive AntennasĮmission and detection of pulsed broadband THz radiation from optically pumped PCAs was first accomplished in the late 1980s by the research groups of THz pioneers David Auston 42 – 45 and Daniel Grischkowsky. Key works from the literature will be categorically reviewed and organized as follows: photoconductive material development, large area emitters, plasmonic nanostructures, broadband performance improvement, and commercially available systems.ġ.1. The fundamental theories of THz generation in PCAs will be discussed in detail. This review will focus mostly on the various key aspects of THz photoconductive antenna (PCA) technology, while selected other technologies, such as photomixers, unbiased surface emission, and optical rectification, will be discussed briefly. 33 Many other applications exist as well, and several in-depth reviews are available for the various applications of THz imaging and spectroscopy technology. 21 Biomedical imaging using THz radiation has been proposed and studied for the purpose of cancer imaging, 22 – 28 burn wound assessment, 29 – 32 and dental tissue imaging. 9 – 11 Many works have studied the potential use of THz imaging and time-domain reflectometry as a quality control tool in electronics fabrication and packaging 12 – 20 as well as composite material inspection. 7, 8 Spectral fingerprinting has been proposed for security applications as well, since the nondestructive nature of THz waves could allow penetration into materials to detect hidden narcotics and explosives. Changes in solid state crystal form 6 and spectral fingerprinting of chemical compounds have been demonstrated. One of the earliest commercial applications of THz imaging and spectroscopy is nondestructive screening of pharmaceuticals. Although THz technology is not nearly as mature as that of other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, many practical applications have been proposed and are currently under development. However, the challenges facing the various methods of THz generation and detection have not stopped the development of this technology. 3 Other methods, that combine aspects of both photonics and electronics 4, 5 have been utilized, though these come with their own list of challenges. 2 On the other hand, reducing the energy of emitted photons generated by electron transitions in a semiconductor is inhibited by the fact that the energy of THz photons is less than the thermal energy at room temperature. Increasing the operating frequency of microwave devices is limited by the carrier mobility of the oscillating semiconductor. Approaching the THz regime from either of these regions comes with unique challenges.
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THz lies in the transitional region of the electromagnetic spectrum between the classically described electronics region (radio, microwaves and millimeter waves) and the photonic region (infrared, visible, UV, and x-ray), where the quantum nature of light becomes dominant. The reason for this is simple efficient generation and detection of THz is an exceedingly nontrivial problem. 1 This region is often referred to as “the last frontier” for electromagnetic waves, since historically there has been comparatively little work observing the science and develop the applications of THz waves. Terahertz (THz) is the name given to the region of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between the microwave band ( 10 THz). Introduction to Terahertz Photoconductive Antennas 5.3 Ultrabroadband Emission and Detectionġ.4.2 Early Examples of Unbiased Nanostructured Terahertz Emitters.
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